It is well known that the effectiveness of current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and therapeutic antibodies is limited by the emergence of viral variants and the limited spread of circulating antibodies to sites of respiratory viral infection.null

Pulmonary fibrosis is an end-stage interstitial lung disease characterized by fibroblast proliferation and extensive extracellular matrix deposition, leading to the destruction of lung tissue architecture.There are many factors that can cause pulmonary fibrosis, such as occupational or home environment factors, drugs, radiotherapy, high-concentration oxygen therapy, smoking, disease factors, and genetic factors.

In 1898, physiologist Maximilian Von Frey (1852-1932) developed a test to assess sensitivity to tenderness.One side of a human or animal hair is glued to a handheld rod, while the other side is in contact with the skin. By pressing the hair to bend it, the pressure sensitivity of the nerve fibers in the skin can be measured. This test tool is called a Von Frey test wire...

Rodent preclinical models are invaluable for exploring pathophysiological mechanisms and identifying new analgesic drugs.However, pain assessment in rodents is often challenging, and changes in their responses to mechanical or thermal stimuli are used as behavioral indicators of pain sensitivity.Since animals cannot express whether they feel pain verbally, the paw withdrawal response can be used to replace the verbal report of sensation. When the experimental animal feels pain, the paw will immediately withdraw.

Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease is a general term for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and refers to ischemic or hemorrhagic diseases of the heart, brain, and systemic tissues caused by hyperlipidemia, blood viscosity, atherosclerosis, hypertension, etc.

The hot plate method, the "gold standard" for assessing thermal pain in rodents, has been widely acclaimed since its introduction in the mid-20th century. However, due to the highly subjective nature of pain, large-scale pain studies face limitations in standardizing evaluation criteria. Furthermore, conducting experiments directly on humans raises numerous ethical issues. Therefore, rodents, as the most common laboratory animals, are widely used in pain research due to their high genetic homology with humans, ease of breeding and reproduction, short modeling cycles, and strong stability.