Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are a general term for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. They are characterized by high morbidity, high disability and high mortality rates. They mainly affect the normal function of the heart and blood vessels, leading to obstructed blood flow or insufficient blood supply to organs.The experimental rat model can effectively simulate human cardiovascular disease. It also has the advantages of strong reproductive capacity and easy detection. It is one of the main animal models for cardiovascular disease research.

Blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) is the percentage of oxygenated hemoglobin in the blood that is bound to oxygen to the total hemoglobin capacity. It is an important parameter of the respiratory and circulatory systems and plays an important role in the prevention, diagnosis, and monitoring of clinical diseases. It is also widely used as an important physiological indicator in animal surgical monitoring and respiratory and circulatory system research.

The Hargreaves test is a sensitive method designed to assess thermal pain perception in rodents such as rats and mice.This method involves indirectly applying heat stimulation generated by a focused light source to the plantar surface of the animal's hind paw, and measuring and recording the animal's paw withdrawal latency (PWL) as an indicator of the animal's thermal pain sensitivity.The plantar heat meter is a fully automatic thermal pain assessment device designed based on the Hargreaves test method and has many unique features.null

In 1898, physiologist Maximilian Von Frey (1852-1932) developed a test to assess sensitivity to tenderness.One side of a human or animal hair is glued to a handheld rod, while the other side is in contact with the skin. By pressing the hair to bend it, the pressure sensitivity of the nerve fibers in the skin can be measured. This test tool is called a Von Frey test wire...

Rodent preclinical models are invaluable for exploring pathophysiological mechanisms and identifying new analgesic drugs.However, pain assessment in rodents is often challenging, and changes in their responses to mechanical or thermal stimuli are used as behavioral indicators of pain sensitivity.Since animals cannot express whether they feel pain verbally, the paw withdrawal response can be used to replace the verbal report of sensation. When the experimental animal feels pain, the paw will immediately withdraw.

The hot plate method, the "gold standard" for assessing thermal pain in rodents, has been widely acclaimed since its introduction in the mid-20th century. However, due to the highly subjective nature of pain, large-scale pain studies face limitations in standardizing evaluation criteria. Furthermore, conducting experiments directly on humans raises numerous ethical issues. Therefore, rodents, as the most common laboratory animals, are widely used in pain research due to their high genetic homology with humans, ease of breeding and reproduction, short modeling cycles, and strong stability.