The hot plate method, the "gold standard" for assessing thermal pain in rodents, has been widely acclaimed since its introduction in the mid-20th century. However, due to the highly subjective nature of pain, large-scale pain studies face limitations in standardizing evaluation criteria. Furthermore, conducting experiments directly on humans raises numerous ethical issues. Therefore, rodents, as the most common laboratory animals, are widely used in pain research due to their high genetic homology with humans, ease of breeding and reproduction, short modeling cycles, and strong stability.

In the vast world of biomedical research and animal experiments, anesthesia technology has always played a vital role.It is not only the cornerstone of successful surgery, but also an important means to ensure the welfare of experimental animals and scientific research ethics. There are many different types of anesthesia. Based on the different modes of action, anesthesia can be divided into local anesthesia, spinal anesthesia, and general anesthesia...

In classic biological experiments, controlling nerve cells requires some relatively rough methods, such as electrical stimulation, brain damage or chemical intervention.Experimental results are often unsatisfactory, and optogenetics can solve this problem by controlling single neurons. null

In 1774, British chemist Joseph Priestley used a large convex lens to focus sunlight, heated mercuric oxide, collected the generated gas using the drainage gas collection method, and studied the properties of the gas.He found that candles burned with an extremely strong flame in this gas, and mice survived in bottles twice as long as in the same volume of ordinary air...

So far in the 21st century, more than a dozen novel viral pandemics, including COVID-19, have emerged. As the emergence of these novel pandemic viruses is expected to become more frequent, human society urgently needs to formulate relevant strategies to develop widely effective treatments that can be immediately used in future epidemics.

Mountain sickness is a syndrome that occurs when people move from plains to plateaus (areas above 3,000 meters above sea level, which have obvious biological effects on the body), or from low-altitude areas to higher altitude areas, due to incomplete or maladjusted adaptability to low-oxygen environments. The cause of the disease is hypoxia caused by the low-oxygen environment in the plateau.